In the case of bladder cancer, TFs which have been previously implicated in urothelial cell differentiation, such as RARA and KLF4 [52], were observed to be upregulated in bladder tissue compared with hESCs (Additional file 1: Table S4) and also subsequently silenced in bladder cancer (Additional file 1: Figure S2), although they were also observed to be upregulated in kidney or lung tissue (Additional file 1: Tables S2 and S3). Here, KLF4 is linked to urinary bladder carcinoma.