TNF and infection: For example, effector DCs that secrete interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) can promote T helper (Th) cell differentiation into Th1, Th2 or Th17 effector subsets respectively, thereby tailoring adaptive immunity to effectively control and eradicate infections.