MAPK3 and acute myeloid leukemia: To evaluate the effects of NRAS(V12) suppression on MAPK, PI3K, and RALB signaling pathways downstream of Ras, we measured the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2), 4E-BP1 (p4E-BP1), and TBK1 (pTBK1) in tNM AML cells.