NOD2 and Cowden disease: For example, miR-141 is reduced in the epithelial cells of the inflamed colons from CD patients, which results in inflammatory cells trafficking into inflamed sites through miR141/CXCL12β pathway [28]; miR-122 can target NOD2 to decrease intestinal epithelial cell injury in CD [29]; miR-200b, which can partially protect intestinal epithelial cells from fibrogenesis in vitro, is dysregulated in the serum of the fibrosis CD group [30]; and miR-21 and miR-31 were indicated to be significant in IBD-associated carcinogenesis [31,32].