Our data suggest that Tim-3 and Gal-9 on mononuclear cells may play an important role in the development of ALI in murine malaria; more infiltration of mononuclear cells as well as other immune cells into the lungs increased the lung pathology during pulmonary PbANKA infection in malarial mice possibly due to blockage of galectines by α-lactose. Here, HAVCR2 is linked to malaria.