We also measured the mRNA levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 after infection with or without α-lactose treatment on days 5 and 7 p.i. As shown in Fig. 7, in the lungs, significantly higher mRNA levels of all the genes were observed on day 5 p.i. after α-lactose treatment; in the MLNs, only IL-10 was significantly increased on day 5 p.i. after α-lactose treatment, whereas IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-4 were significantly decreased on day 5 p.i. and/or on day 7 p.i. after α-lactose treatment. Here, IL4 is linked to infection.