In contrast, during HIV-1 infection, we previously demonstrated that both CCR6+CCR4+Th17 and CCR6+CXCR3+Th1Th17 cells are pathogenic since they are permissive to viral infection in vitro, carry integrated HIV-DNA in vivo, and their frequency is significantly reduced in HIV-infected individuals, including those with undetectable plasma viral load under antiretroviral therapy (ART) [15]. Here, CCR6 is linked to viral infectious disease.