Another study also showed that the protection from type 1 diabetes elicited by insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I/IGF-binding protein-3 was mediated by the upregulation of CCL4 gene expression in pancreatic-draining lymph nodes, activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt/protein kinase B signaling pathway of β-cells, reduced β-cell apoptosis, and stimulation of β-cell replication [50]. Here, CCL4 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.