TNF and infection: In the Flat Oyster (Ostrea edulis), TNF expression was upregulated in hemolymph cells during a Bonamiosis infection.16 This upregulation appears to be correlated with the severity of the infection, and again presents the nature of TNF/TNFR expression as dynamic.16 Finally, in the scallop (Chlamys farreri), TNFR was upregulated in the gill tissues and mantle in response to a Listonella anguillarum challenge.17