TPO and age-related macular degeneration: Carboxyethylpyrrole is a unique oxidation fragment of docosahexaenoic acid found in AMD drusen and in plasma samples from AMD patients.49,50 Carboxyethylpyrrole-MSA-immunized mice were recently established as a model for studying geographic RPE atrophy.51 Features of RPE necrosis, including vacuolization, swelling, cell lysis, and nuclear pyknosis were observed.