More recently a number of studies have shown that C. albicans triggers NLRP3 and NLRP4-mediated pyroptosis in macrophages.11,12 Pyroptosis is thought to occur early in infection (within 8 h), whereas at later stages of infection infected macrophages undergo pyroptosis-independent cell death that requires robust hyphal morphogenesis.13 Given this, it may be possible that Candidalysin plays a role in triggering these cell death mechanisms, and possibly other unexplored mechanisms such as necroptosis (Figure 1). Here, NLRP4 is linked to infection.