Apart from HIF-1α, Akt is also known to stimulate aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells.13 Further, Akt has been shown to modulate macrophage inflammatory response to Francisella infection.14 Interestingly, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulted from M-CSF activation of macrophages stimulates Akt phosphorylation.15 ROS is a key innate defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and cancer.