The three well-characterized MAPK subfamilies ERK, JNK, and p38 are involved in the pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways.16 PD98059, SB203580, and SP600125 are specific inhibitors of ERK, p38, and JNK, respectively, and were used to pretreat the macrophages before SFN pretreatment and/or Mabs infection. The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is infection.