MTOR and cancer: In the process of metabolic reprogramming, a hallmark of cancer, tumor cells take up nutrients and metabolize them in different pathways that support growth, proliferation and survival.29,30 For example, cancer cells convert the majority of glucose they take up into lactate even in the presence of sufficient oxygen to support oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect.31 Although much work has been carried out to understand mTOR-dependent carcinogenesis, its role in the regulation of cancer cell metabolism is still not fully understood.