More recently, a confirmatory phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in HIV-infected, anti-Tat antibody negative, antiretroviral-treated adult volunteers [18], (ISS T-003, ClinicalTrial.gov identifier: NCT01513135) has been completed in South Africa, an endemic region in which approximately 28 % of individuals living with HIV and tuberculosis (TB) reside [19]. This evidence concerns the gene TAT and tuberculosis.