AGER and colonic neoplasm: For instance, p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 was shown to be activated and suppressed, respectively, following the binding of S100A8/A9 to RAGE in gastric cancer cells (Kwon et al., 2013) whilst in colon cancer cells, S100A8/A9 induced the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK but not p38 MAPK (Ichikawa et al., 2011).