TGFB1 and neoplasm: Mechanistically it was found that the administration of hMSCs caused significant increases in serum levels of TGF-β, IL-4 and IL-10 and a reduced level of IFN-γ in tumour bearing mice, findings which are consistent with MSCs affecting NK and T-cell activity and polarising T-cells away from a Th1 phenotype [92, 136].