Autocrine SMO‐dependent signalingLigand (SMO)‐independent signaling: Direct GLI1 activation by MAPK, PI3K, and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Loss of p53 and PTEN also shown to increase GLI1 activityParacrine stromal signaling (in colorectal adenoma and invasive carcinoma). This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and invasive carcinoma.