This is rather surprising, since high serum levels of IGFBP3 are supposed to inhibit IGF1, thereby reducing the availability of a relevant growth factor for PDAC and the relative levels of IGFBP3 and IGF in serum have been associated with risk of pancreatic cancer, at least in some studies [16, 25]. This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP3 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.