Thus, selected tumor cells (SCC-11, U87-MG, and RKO) previously transfected with the luciferase reporter plasmids carrying promoter sequences for ATG7, ATG10, ATG5, UVRAG, BECN1, ULK1, or control luciferase plasmid were treated with CA2, PMA, or ILQ, as indicated in Figure 4B. The luciferase reporter assay revealed that in contrast to the control, CA2 dramatically induced the promoter activities for ATG7 and ATG10, PMA induced the ATG5 and UVRAG promoter activities, while ILQ induced the activities for BECN1 and ULK1 promoters (Figure 4B). Here, CA2 is linked to neoplasm.