Indeed, GDF-15 has been found to predict for adverse outcomes after ischemic stroke.[17,18] However, only 1 study to date has reported GDF-15 elevation as a predictor for worse cognitive performance in patients with mild cognitive impairment,[6] and another study showed GDF-15 was associated with worse performance in a specific cognitive test (visual reproduction) and WMH in a nondemented cohort[19] (see Jiang et al[20] for a review). This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and ischemic stroke.