NOD2 and inflammatory bowel disease: Data on the key role played by miRNA in human diseases, including tumorigenesis, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, have emerged in recent years.[21] Some miRNAs have been found to regulate or be regulated by factors already known to be associated with IBD pathogenesis, such as the microbiome, IL-12/IL-23p40 and NOD2.[22–24] It is therefore not surprising that a number of studies reported specific miRNA expression in IBD patients.