PTPN11 and cancer: Out of 236 genes included in the nCounter® GX Human Cancer Reference Kit, we identified eight genes to be significantly downregulated in carriers (Table 5), including BRCA1, CSK, NRAS, PCTK1, TGFBR2, TNFSF10, TOP1, and XPC. Nine genes were significantly upregulated in carriers, including BCR, CLTC, FLT3, IL8, LMO2, PTPN11, REL, TGFB1 and TNFRSF10B at a Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate <0.05 using the t test (Table 6).