TNF and ischemia: Compared to the sham-operated group, both TNF-α and IL-1β were markedly higher after ischemic injury in the ischemia group (P<0.05; Figure 3A and B); however, treatment with LXW7 suppressed the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, by 29 and 39%, respectively, compared to the ischemia group (P<0.05; Figure 3A and B).