The densities of CD8+ T cells in primary and distant tumours treated with NCP@pyrolipid with irradiation plus anti-PD-L1 were calculated to be 168±33 and 232±53 mm−2, respectively (Fig. 8b), which were significantly higher than those in tumours treated with PBS (15±12 mm−2 for primary tumours and 30±15 mm−2 for distant tumours). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.