MYD88 and bacterial infectious disease: Children that are deficient in interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4), which is involved in IL-1 signal transduction, have a selective predisposition to bacterial infections [13], and the absence of interleukin-1 receptor, type I (IL-1R1) or Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) increases morbidity and mortality from bacterial infections [14, 15].