VEGFA and cancer: The anti-cancer effects of NSAIDs have been previously reported, including inhibition of VEGF expression by celecoxib [28], suppression of invasiveness by NS-398 [29, 30] and celecoxib [31], inhibition of proliferation by celecoxib, nimsulide, and meloxicam [31, 32], and induction of apoptosis by celecoxib [32] and sulindac [33].