PMEPA1 and colonic neoplasm: TMEPAI activation is dependent on both the TGF-β and Wnt pathways [88], and TMEPAI has been implicated in intestinal polyp formation in ApcMin/+ mice [89,90], as well as in human breast cancer, colon cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and lung adenocarcinoma [91,92,93,94].