Consistent with this observation, CXCL16 overexpression occurs in the left-ventricular tissue of aortic-banded mice, and its upregulation is reported in the plasma of patients with right-ventricular hypertrophy due to pulmonary valve stenosis and heart failure; its expression levels are correlated with the severity of heart failure [28]. Here, CXCL16 is linked to pulmonary valve stenosis.