For patients aged 40–49 years at ten years after starting ART the subsequent five-year mortality risk ranged from 1.9% (1.5–2.4%) in those who were non-IDU and virally suppressed with CD4 count >500 cells/μL and no AIDS, to 48% (40–58%) in those who were IDU and not virally suppressed with CD4 count <100 cells/μL and AIDS during the first decade of ART. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is AIDS.