These data show that IL-4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ regulate CCL26 synthesis in human monocytic cells, which may be important in regulating monocyte inflammatory responses.21 These data reaffirm our findings that TNF-α may have a role in the progression or persistence of EoE. This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and eosinophilic esophagitis.