The administration of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)/probenecid in a PD mouse model with an AQP4 deficiency resulted in significantly enhanced gliosis, the aggravated loss of TH-immunoreactive neurons, an increase in the production of IL-1β and TNF-α, but a suppression of IL-6 in the midbrain, and the activation of the IKK/NF-κB pathway in vivo, compared with WT mice [67]. This evidence concerns the gene AQP4 and Parkinson disease.