However, despite the evidence that all αv integrins appear to activate latent TGFβ, mice deficient in αvβ3 or αvβ5 do not exhibit TGFβ1-deficient phenotypes, whereas mice deficient in αvβ6 exhibit skin and lung inflammation (Munger et al. 1999), the spontaneous development of several types of cancers (Ludlow et al. 2005) and emphysema in older mice (Morris et al. 2003), all phenotypes linked to deficient local TGFβ1 activity. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is pulmonary emphysema.