Interestingly, cyclins [CCNA (cyclin A1), CCNA2 (cyclin A2), CCNB1 (cyclin B1), CCNB2 (cyclin B2), CCND1 (cyclin D1), CCND2 (cyclin D1), CCND3 (cyclin D3) and CCNE1 (cyclin E1)] and cylin dependent kinase2 (CDK2) gene expressions were also elevated greater than two-fold in QU + CIS treated cells (Fig. 1). Here, CCND3 is linked to in situ carcinoma.