CSF3 and Stroke: In the present study, we have demonstrated that the SCF + G-CSF-increased mushroom spine regeneration on the apical dendrites of the Layer V pyramidal neurons in the peri-infarct cavity cortex is causally linked to motor function improvement, suggesting that SCF + G-CSF treatment at 6 months post-stroke may rebuild motor function-engaged neuronal circuits in the cortex adjacent to the infarct cavities.