However, when we analyzed additional immune activation/inflammation markers, such as Ki-67, CD8+DR+CD38+, CD8+CD70+, CD4+DR+CD38+, CD4+CD70+, before infection, we couldn’t see any significant impact of such markers on the rate of CD4+ T cells upon HIV-infection and none of them were significantly correlated to IP-10 pre-infection levels in blood (Table C in S1 Text). Here, CD38 is linked to HIV infectious disease.