TNF and colitis: prausnitzii in a trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced acute colitis model and, more recently, in a model of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced chronic colitis, in which a reduction of inflammatory markers, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and pro-inflammatory colonic cytokines (IL-6, IL-9, TNF-α, IFN-α), was reported, indicating a decreased severity of inflammation associated with an alteration of the microbiome49,50.