TNF and malaria: This stands in contrast with a study by Ockenhouse et al. which compared transcriptomic changes in PBMCs collected during CHMI in naïve individuals at early blood-stage infection with that of malaria-experienced adults experiencing naturally acquired febrile malaria and found similar induction in pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ, TNF, and IL-1β between pre-symptomatic and symptomatic individuals regardless of prior malaria exposure history10.