TPM4 and nemaline myopathy: Up to date, four TM genes have been verified in mammals, which were named as TPM1, TPM2, TPM3 and TPM4. The mutant TPM1 gene can generate famialial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; TPM2 is associated with hypertensive cardiomyopathy and arthrogryposis; TPM3 is related to nemaline myopathy and skeletal muscle weakness [30, 31].