Consistent with this, several members of the inflammatory pathway have been recently associated with risk of infection by T. cruzi and/or development of CCC, including genes encoding for HLA class-II molecules (DRB1 and DQB1), the chemokine receptor CCR5, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and the interleukins IL-1, IL-12B, IL-17A, IL-18, among others13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. Here, TNF is linked to infection.