Collectively, our analyses of bladder tumours reveal co-expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 on TILs, high expression of PD-L1 on tumour cells and augmentation of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory pathway by α-CTLA-4, suggesting simultaneous blockade with α-CTLA-4 and α-PD-1 is required for rejection of bladder tumours. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and neoplasm.