Du et al,18 conducted a prospective study involving 252 children presenting to a paediatric emergency care centre (ECC) in the USA, and found AUCs to predict AKI of pRIFLE I severity as follows: NGAL (0.83), KIM-1 (0.77) and IL-18 (0.68), suggesting these urinary biomarkers perform well to identify which patients have AKI on presentation to a paediatric ECC. This evidence concerns the gene LCN2 and acute kidney injury.