CHRNA1 and diabetes mellitus: These genes include e.g. down-regulation of adrenoceptor alpha 1d (Adra1d); cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, gamma (muscle) (Chrng); cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 1 (muscle) (Chrna1); sarcolipin (Sln) and up-regulation of cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 7 (neuronal) (Chrna7); etc. Down-regulation of Adra1d receptor subtype has been previously shown in cardiac hypertrophy [68] and in STZ-induced DM by our research group [22].