Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of both clinical and experimental cachexia.22, 23, 52, 53 Inflammatory cytokines, such as IL‐6, play an important role in the WAT browning phenotype in mouse models of cachexia.54 Gene expression of IL‐1α, IL‐6, and TNF‐α was significantly elevated in inguinal WAT of 12‐month‐old Ctns−/− mice than that in age‐matched WT controls or CKD mice (Figure7B). This evidence concerns the gene CTNS and chronic kidney disease.