IL4 and atopic eczema: As these pathological manifestations are hallmarks of asthma and atopic dermatitis, IL-4Rα1 has become a therapeutic target, and inhibition of IL-4Rα1 by the IL-4 variant pitrakinra or inhibitory monoclonal antibody dupilumab has shown efficacy in phase II clinical studies in asthma and atopic dermatitis, respectively (Wenzel et al., 2007; Beck et al., 2014).