TGFB1 and breast carcinoma: For instance, doxorubicin induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cell migration through TGFβ signaling activation in breast cancer.30 MMP-2 and -9, the crucial enzymes that degrade the ECM to facilitate tumor invasion, are activated by doxorubicin.47 Although the current findings suggest that suppression of Bim expression accounts to a large extent for TH/TR-enhanced doxorubicin-mediated metastasis, further studies are essential to ascertain whether metastasis is also enhanced via the above mechanisms.