Obesity produces greater levels of systemic inflammatory factors, including adipose tissue macrophages, circulating lymphocytes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β1, and C-reactive protein), than is produced in non-obese states [38–41]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.