IL10 and infection: During acute infection with L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, hamsters upregulate gene expression of TNF-α, TGF-β, IP-10 (CXCL10), and IL-10 at the site of infection (kidney) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells upregulate expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12 (Vernel-Pauillac and Merien, 2006; Lowanitchapat et al., 2010).