IFNG and infection: Hamster kidney following infection with virulent Leptospira, or hamster peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cultured with Leptospira, upregulate TNF-α, IFN-γ, IP-10, IL-10, and IL12p40 (Vernel-Pauillac and Merien, 2006; Lowanitchapat et al., 2010).