Liu demenstrated that NF-kB can be reprogrammed to a tumor-promoting oncogene conferring drug resistance following standard chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel, clinical treatment of ovarian cancer using anti-NF-kB agents should be cautiously considered and guided by specific markers that can distinguish whether NF-kB is functioning as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and neoplasm.