We, and others, demonstrated that TPL-2 signaling in radiation-resistant stromal cells, but not T cells or any other hematopoietic cell, promotes the onset and severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis.17, 18 Although these studies highlight the importance of the TPL-2/MEK/ERK signaling axis in type 1 and TH17 immune responses, the role of TPL-2 in mediating type 2 responses has not been clearly established. This evidence concerns the gene MAP3K8 and multiple sclerosis.