GDF15 and cancer: Five gene networks were extracted by IPA: Network 1 consisted of genes related to cancer and cell-cycle arrest, such as Bax, Btg2, Ccng1, Cdkn1a, Gadd45b, Gdf15, Hspb1, Hspb2, Mdm2, Plk2, and Pmm1; Network 2 comprised cell cycle, DNA replication and recombination, repair, and cell death genes, such as Ccng2, Cyp1a2, Cyp4a10, Cyp21a1, Gdf15, Ppp1r3c, Rcan1, and Tubb4b (Tubb2c).